The Link Between Successful Projects Outcomes And Project...

1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the Study The link between successful project outcomes and project management was recognised by Peters and Waterman (1982, pp. 3-28), more than 40 years ago. In the fast moving 21st Century business environment, project managers must work ever more effectively and accurately, and timely information is essential to every aspect of the project management role: planning, organisational design, gaining the ‘buy in’ of various stakeholders and being able to provide project reviews in ‘real time’, as well as embracing sustainability (ICE, 2002, p.5). The ways in which the project and its progress relate to the wider organisational context will also need to be considered and communicated (Cleland and Ireland,†¦show more content†¦82). The management of projects, as indicated by Oracle (2011, p.1), must embrace every stage from planning to regular monitoring, controlling and evaluation of progress, undertaken by professional staff who also must be recruited and trai ned (Liberatore, and Pollack-Johnson 2004, pp. 164-174). Advances in technology represent transformational power for project management in the ACE sector, according to Howard et.al. (1989, p. 18), since appropriate technology provides decision support for the integration of data that has been gathered from a variety of sources and stakeholders. The authors also forecast that, as technology advanced, the potential for huge savings generated from higher productivity would be increasingly important, for instance, by the use of artificial intelligence, process automation including robotics, and employment of advanced databases (Howard et al. 1989, p.18). A technology solution suggested by Lee and Yu (2012, p. 82) is the web-based Project Management Information System (PMIS), which although not guaranteed to deliver project performance outcomes, is recognised as a vital tool to improving the probability of doing so. The construction industry is highlighted by (Liberatore and Pollack Jackson (2004, p. 170) as one with high usage of the most sophisticated project management information systems,

Creating Blakes Tyger Essay - 3597 Words

Creating Blake’s â€Å"Tyger† The Eighteenth-century British Romantic, William Blake, was an accomplished painter, engraver, and illustrator during his lifetime, but is best remembered for his poetry. Though Blake’s genius was generally dismissed by the public of his own era and he died with little acclaim, he has since been regarded as one of the greatest figures of the Romantic Movement. Whether with paint or pen, Blake is renowned for his ability to create works of art which, over the years, have succeeded in both amazing and perplexing his audience. â€Å"The Tyger,† from his 1794 â€Å"Songs of Experience† collection, is one such poem whose elusive meaning is widely debated. The work becomes problematic for readers since, when†¦show more content†¦While other â€Å"immortals† are created in literature, these two options seem most logical to address first. While this initial step, recognizing the dual meaning of â€Å"immortal,† seems fairly obvious, it is ofte n overlooked. When it is called into question, however, the mention of the creator as one who is immortal sparks theories that have been debated for as long as critics have been struggling to break down Blake’s complex work. Burton Raffel, a professional translator and English professor was challenged with the onerous task of rewriting the poem in French. He points out in his 2002 article, published in the Literary Review journal, that many people, at first glance, misinterpret the possibilities for the meaning of the word, â€Å"immortal,† by failing to recognize the inherent duality. Raffel asserts initially that, â€Å"The word ‘immortal’ assures us, if nothing else does, that God is the undeniable power of whom Blake speaks,† but upon further analysis, Raffel refutes his own argument by asking, â€Å"Why then does [Blake] put the matter interrogatively? Is it because he wishes to shed doubt on Gods powers? Or to advocate some other ‘i mmortal’ presence as the true power behind creation?† (632). It is the latter sentence that speaks to the actual nature of the poem; Blake provides evidence that should not so quickly be disregarded as to whom the passage may refer. By presenting the reader with â€Å"immortal† as the first criterion for the tyger’s creator, BlakeShow MoreRelatedThe Contrasting World Views in William Blake’s â€Å"the Lamb† and â€Å"the Tyger†941 Words   |  4 PagesThe Contrasting World Views in William Blake’s â€Å"The Lamb† and â€Å"The Tyger† A person’s view of the world is very situational, depending on their life experiences and their religious beliefs. William Blake examines two different world views in the poems â€Å"The Lamb,† and â€Å"The Tyger.† These poems were written as a pairing which were shown in Blake’s Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience respectively. While the first poem deals with a view of the world as innocent and beautiful, the other suggestsRead More Comparison of the Poems The Tyger and The Lamb Essay1217 Words   |  5 PagesComparison of the Poems The Tyger and The Lamb In William Blake’s Songs of Innocence and Experience we are confronted with a powerful juxtaposition of nature. The innocuous ‘lamb’ and the ferocious ‘Tyger’ are designed to be interpreted in comparison with each other. Both creatures innovatively define childhood, they provide a contrast between youthful innocence and the experience of age contaminating it. ‘The Lamb’ is simplistic in vocabulary and style, Blake uses childish repetitionsRead MoreOpposition in William Blakes The Lamb and the Tyger689 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Opposition in William Blakes The Lamb and The Tyger William Blakes Songs of Innocence and Experience contain some of his most known poems including The Lamb from Songs of Innocence and The Tyger from Songs of Experience. These two poems are intended to reflect contrasting views of religion, innocence, and creation, with The Tyger examining the intrinsic relationship between good and evil. Blake utilizes contrasting images and symbols to examine opposing perspectives of good and evilRead MoreThe Tyger By William Blake1168 Words   |  5 Pagesquestion their God and the way the world is. William Blake’s compilation of poems called the Songs of Innocence and Experience questions the good and evil in the daily lives of human beings. This collection of poems includes The Tyger, a partnered poem in the series with The Lamb. Blake offers a new way of interpreting God through His creations in The Tyger. Blake demonstrates the fierceness of the tyger’s creator throughout the poem. The tyger is viewed as a vicious creature that p eople view as aRead MoreEssay on The Tyger698 Words   |  3 Pages â€Å"The Tyger† Ana Melching Does god create both gentle and fearful creatures? If he does what right does he have? Both of these rhetorical questions are asked by William Blake in his poem â€Å"The Tyger.† The poem takes the reader on a journey of faith, questioning god and his nature. The poem completes a cycle of questioning the creator of the tyger, discussing how it could have been created, and then returns to questioning the creator again. Both questions about the tyger’sRead MoreContemplating Gods Creation in William Blakes The Lamb and The Tyger1205 Words   |  5 PagesBlake decided to write about mystical beings and Gods. Two examples of the poet expressing his point of view are seen in â€Å"The Tyger† and â€Å"The Lamb.† Both poems demonstrate how the world is and to sharpen one’s perception. People perceive the world in their own outlook, often times judging things before they even know the deeper meaning of its inner personification. Blake’s wondrous questions actually make an acceptable point because he questions whether God created the tiger with the same intentionsRead MoreWilliam Blake s The Lamb And The Tyger1493 Words   |  6 Pagesstandout poems, â€Å"The Lamb† and â€Å"The Tyger,† respectively taken from Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience, demonstrate Blake’s meditation on how innocence and experience in life create a binary and compl ementary relationship that is observable in our outer world as well as in our inner being. As one of the titles in his Songs of Innocence, William Blake chooses the lamb, naturally gentle and docile, as a representative of the concept of innocence. In Blake’s poem, a child shepherd addresses theRead More Practical Criticism: The Tyger William Blake Essay1735 Words   |  7 PagesPractical Criticism: The Tyger William Blake Blakes poem The Tyger - written somewhere between 1785 and 1789 - was first published in Songs of Innocence and Experience. These two interconnected books of poetry were intended to show the two contrary states of the human soul. Appropriately enough The Tyger appeared in the second book, Experience, and has as its natural counter part The Lamb in Innocence. The Tyger as a poem is a perennial international favourite. It has been moreRead More Analysis of The Lamb and The Tyger by William Blake Essay1641 Words   |  7 Pagesreflect this. In fact, from Blake’s ‘Songs of Innocence and of Experience’ there are a number of poems, describing what life could be like and in reality what life is like. Two examples are ‘The Lamb’ and ‘The Tyger’. We can see he uses poetic techniques to set up such clashes. These two poems demonstrate exactly Blake’s views on the ills of society, mainly referring to the industrial revolution and the impacts and consequences it brought. ‘The Lamb’ and ‘The Tyger’ are both poems written inRead MorePoetry Analysis: The Tyger Essay925 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Blake’s 1793 poem â€Å"The Tyger† has many interpretations, but its main purpose is to question God as a creator. Its poetic techniques generate a vivid picture that encourages the reader to see the Tyger as a horrifying and terrible being. The speaker addresses the question of whether or not the same God who made the lamb, a gentle creature, could have also formed the Tyger and all its darkness. This issue is addressed through many poetic devices including rhyme, repetition, allusion, and symbolism

Purchasing power parity, theory of exchange rate determination. Free Essays

INTRODUCTION: The objective of this paper is to better understand one of the key concepts of real exchange rate determination and building blocks of macroeconomic model, ppp. The main reason to focus on this topic is due to the fact that most of the large companies are working beyond the national boundaries and are trying to expand their business at international levels, so it becomes vital for managers and investors while making international investment decisions to gauge the impact of fluctuation of consumer goods prices, tradable and non-tradable goods could have on the profitability of their businesses.Although the term â€Å"purchasing power parity† was coined as recently as 80 years ago (Cassel, 1918), it has much longer history in economics[1]. We will write a custom essay sample on Purchasing power parity, theory of exchange rate determination. or any similar topic only for you Order Now PPP is generally attributed to Gustav Cassel’s writings in the 1920s, although its intellectual origins date back to the writings of the nineteenth-century British economist â€Å"David Ricardo†. Probably, it is the oldest theory of exchange rate determination. In section 1 of this paper, I will define the concept of ppp, discuss the theory behind it, and elaborate its practical implications in real world development. The section 2 will clarifies the nuances between absolute ppp and relative ppp and tests of the validity of the ppp theory over the time period. The section 3 elaborates Why is more preferable to say that ppp holds in the long run than in the short run. The section 4 explains why ppp does not hold in the short run, what are the economic factors lies behind it in deviating ppp from actual exchange rate. It distinguishes between those factors which would prevent absolute ppp from holding, but would not necessarily prevent relative ppp from holding, and those which clearly prevent relative ppp too. It also explains those factors which would lead to ppp failing in the long run. In section 5, there are concluding remarks. SECTION 1: UNDERSTANDING PURCHASING POWER PARITY In thissection, I will define purchasing power parity by using the examples to elaborate how it works in the real world and discuss it how it relates to real exchange rates. WHAT IS PPP? The purchasing power parity exchange rate is the exchange rate between two currencies’ that would equate the two relevant national price levels if expressed in common currency at that rate, so that ppp of a unit of one currency would be the same in both countries.The basic concept underlying ppp theory is that arbitrage forces will lead to the equalization of goods prices internationally, once the prices of goods are measured in same currency. As such theory represents an application of the ‘law of one price’[2]. LAW OF ONE PRICE: The fundamental idea behind this theory is the law of one price.LOP[3] refers to identical products which are sold in different markets will sell in the same prices when expressed in terms of a common currency in the presence of competitive market structure and absence of transportation costs and other barriers to trade. Thus, it provides a framework to relate currency in one market (the domestic market) to currency in another market (foreign market).In algebraic form, LOP posits that for any good I: p How to cite Purchasing power parity, theory of exchange rate determination., Essay examples

Drivers Of Employee Performance Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Drivers Of Employee Performance. Answer: The various Human Resource Management tools are the drivers of employee performance and organizational goal achievement in this modern era. The HRM tools render the work environment friendly for the employee and makes sure that everyone of them is taken care of without any kind of inequality in practice (Indermun 2014). For an organization to achieve excellence, it is essential for the company to keep their employees happy so that they work to the best of their capabilities to achieve the goals and targets of the organization (Men 2014). It is a fact that the companies with the most employee friendly HRM policies certainly have the best of the employees and low resignation rates. FedEx or the Federal Express Corporation is regarded as one of the companies with the best HRM practice. It is stated that the company has the most loyal employees and all of them are so happy with their work and the company that they hardly ever wish to leave the company even if offered better pay. The organization was started in the year 1971 by Frederick W. Smith (About FedEx 2018). It was initially started as a company that used to deliver documents overnight to people in form of shipments. The delivery service since then has become so popular that it is one of the leading shipment and courier services in the entire world. It has been said that the employees were so supportive to the organization in the initial days that they were ready to swipe their own credit cards to buy fuel and deliver the shipments to the clients. The commitment levels of the employees were so huge that even when they did not receive salary on time, they worked dedicatedly for the company FedEx has an amazing People-Service-Profit system in their work process. The PSP system actually refers to the companys policy that states that if the organization took good care of its employees then the employees would take care of the customers and this in return will lead to more orders and a substantial rise in the profits (Shi 2015). Such programs by the HRM of the company has made it possible for the organization to make sure that each and every individual related to the company is happy and does their best in serving the customers. The Survey-Feedback-Action program that the company uses is very efficient and it has been in use from the very early days of the organization. The program is the reward and recognition program for employee appraisal on a yearly basis. The management sends out online survey forms and based in the survey the rewards and appraisals are given out to the employees. This is done in a timely manner and hence the employees look forward to the appraisal time. Every year in the month of April thus entire process takes place. The fact that it is completely based on performance and it analyzes all the deficits that the organization has in its internal and external environment makes it more a worthy process (Mishra 2015). The company has a program known as Leadership Evaluation and Awareness Process (LEAP) which is a promotional chance for the cadre employees to move up to the managerial level. The organization has an open door policy for its employees and hence the communication inside the organization is very good. The entire employee base is well aware of the changes that are planned in an organization and they are part of all the programs that are being conducted in the company. As a part of the awards for the employees who perform exceedingly well, the organization as awards such as the Golden Falcon and the Bravo Zulu awards for such employees (Smith 2014). Such awards enormously encourage and motivate the employees to work hard and reach up to the front in order to get the award. The various policies that are functional in the HR department of the organization has made it one of the most employee friendly organizations in the global sphere. Each of the recruited employees is trained under the leaders of the organization. This is done so that they can deliver the duties which they will be assigned. The complete guidance and on-Job training adds to the experience of the employee and actually makes the person aware of the job responsibilities and enables him to perform better (Keep 2014). Such policies and HRM tools are the ones which make the employee to be a part of the organization and hence their dedication level takes a leap. The employee retention also increases because every employee is dedicated to the job at hand and hence there remains no reason for the organization to terminate an employee. HRM tools add to the competitive advantage as the employees who join a company like the FedEx are less likely to leave the organization in the near future and opt for any other organization. The employees are happy and they get all the aids and perks that an employee deserves from the employer. The employees have become so loyal to the employer that they wish to work in the interest of the company rather than their own interest. The competitive advantage lies in the fact that as FedEx keeps its employees content and happy, the employees in return provide best of the services to the customers whereas others in the same industry can be into negligence towards the job because their employees do not keep them satisfied. The level of trust between the company and the employees is so high that they are inseparable and any external force does not affect an employee of the FedEx in engaging into any such activity which is against the organization. Right from recruitment to retention of the e mployees, the entire HRM process is inclined towards the employees and their happiness in the company and it essentially increases the employee loyalty. References About FedEx. (2018).History - About FedEx. [online] Available at: https://about.van.fedex.com/our-story/history-timeline/history/ [Accessed 10 Mar. 2018]. Indermun, V., 2014. Importance of Human Resource Management Practices and the Impact Companies Face in Relation to Competitive Challenges.Singaporean Journal of Business, Economics and Management Studies,51(1448), pp.1-11. Keep, E., 2014. Corporate training strategies: the vital component?.New Perspectives, pp.109-125. Men, L.R., 2014. Strategic internal communication: Transformational leadership, communication channels, and employee satisfaction.Management Communication Quarterly,28(2), pp.264-284. Mishra, S., 2015. Effective communication for corporate sector: A need for a paradigm shift.Indian Journal of Health and Wellbeing,6(7), p.749. Shi, C.A.O., 2015. The Implications of FedEx to Human Resource Management of Logistics Enterprises in Beijing.International Business and Management,11(3), pp.17-23. Smith, E.B., 2014. The Effect of Critical Optimism on Transformational Leadership.Leadership Organizational Management Journal,2014(1).

Process improvements in operations

Cluny MacPherson Invented the Gas Mask

Cluny MacPherson Invented the Gas Mask Doctor Cluny MacPherson was born in St. Johns, Newfoundland in 1879. He received his medical education from Methodist College and McGill University. MacPherson started the first St. Johns Ambulance Brigade after working with the St. Johns Ambulance Association. MacPherson served as the principal medical officer for the first Newfoundland Regiment of the St. Johns Ambulance Brigade during World War I. In response to the Germans use of poison gas in Ypres, Belgium, in 1915, MacPherson began researching methods of protection against poison gas. In the past, a  soldiers only protection was to breathe through a handkerchief or other small piece of fabric soaked in urine. That same year,  MacPherson invented the respirator, or gas mask, made of fabric and metal. Using a helmet taken from a captured German prisoner, he added a canvas hood with  eyepieces  and a breathing tube. The helmet was treated with chemicals that would absorb the chlorine used in the gas attacks. After a few improvements, Macphersons helmet became the first gas mask to be used by the British army. According to Bernard Ransom, curator of the Newfoundland Provincial Museum, Cluny Macpherson designed a fabric smoke helmet with a single exhaling tube, impregnated with chemical sorbents to defeat the airborne chlorine used in the gas attacks. Later, more elaborate sorbent compounds were added to further developments of his helmet (the P and PH models) to defeat other respiratory poison gases used such as phosgene, diphosgene and chloropicrin. The Macpherson helmet was the first general issue gas countermeasure to be used by the British Army. His invention was the most important protective device of the First World War, protecting countless soldiers from blindness, disfigurement or injury to their throats and lungs. For his services, he was made a Companion of the  Order of St Michael and St George  in 1918. After suffering from a war injury, MacPherson returned to Newfoundland to serve as the director of the military medical service and later served as the president of the St. Johns Clinical Society and the Newfoundland Medical Association. MacPherson was awarded many honors for his contributions to medical science.

Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 1

Case Study - Essay Example Despite serious social movement of the LGBT (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender) community in recent decades, the minority of people are still fighting for equality. And in this fight corporations are extremely important in terms of the LGBT community acknowledgement because they can provide their employees with decent support and do it more profoundly than country and local authorities (LGTB Manual, 2010). There are few companies that are able to risk their reputation, unless their reputation is so immaculate, and make such a contradictory issue as accepting non-traditional sexual orientation of the employees in company`s policy. Such companies receive unnecessary attention and their public relations sphere is suffering. In such a situation Disney, the company specializing on the children`s entertainment content and supporting homosexuality acknowledgment at working places looks absolutely extraordinary (Tully, 2013). However, Disney was and remains such company, and despite its worldwide success it is being accused of promoting immoral values to future generation. Reasonably it raises a lot of questions regarding the place of homosexuality propaganda in a corporate world and especially in children`s content. However, Disney manages to communicate to the world that their policy is grounded on higher values such as equality, acceptance, and diversity, and sticking to these goals can se rve as the most important factor. Moreover, Disney`s internal policy of visibility is coherent with its external representation which proves that the company has well-elaborated policy and know what image to create in consumers` perception. Disney was established in 1923 by two brothers, Walter and Roy Disneys, as a small cartoon studio in California. Today this multinational corporation is one of the biggest Hollywood studios and is the owner of 11 theme parks around the planet, two aqua parks, and several broadcasting companies. The company`s main product was

Whiteheads Prolificacy in Logic and Philosophy Essay

Whiteheads Prolificacy in Logic and Philosophy - Essay Example Because of this, Whitehead issues the warning that philosophy must not make a dereliction on the multifarious aspect of the world. It is for this same reason that Whitehead describes beauty as the union of intensity, harmony, and vividness which involve perfection of importance for an occasion. The same explains the reason for Whitehead seeing God as the set of all processes and relationships so that God is radically transcendent (universe-in-god) and radically incarnate (god-in-universe). Whitehead maintains that the metaphysical status of eternal objects is resistant to change so that they remain incomprehensible without an actuality and only intelligible within a broader conceptual frame (Stein, 2006). Â  Whitehead noted that experiences of science, ethics, aesthetics, and religion greatly influence the worldview of the Western culture and should, therefore, factor a more comprehensive and holistic cosmology. This cosmology should be comprehensive enough to provide systematic descriptive theories of the world, which are applicable for deducing human intuitions that have been arrived at through scientific, ethical, aesthetic and religious experiences. Whitehead maintains that in order for science to be, there has to be the presence of sufficient structures, given that intelligibility is a general condition essential for science and all knowledge. Whitehead also continues that science is progressive and imposes upon humanity, progressivity in thinking and inquiry. Whitehead also sees science as existing for posterity, since its progressive technology enables the generation-generation transition into uncharted seas of adventure or inquiry. Â  According to Whitehead, the essence of truth readily necessitates the need for verification.

MEDICAL Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

MEDICAL - Essay Example The Dermatology department deals primarily with skin diseases, their symptoms, and other disorders that manifest with skin symptoms. The most common cases are those of contact dermatitis, acne, and atopic dermatitis. Additionally, the Dermatology department deals with less common benign neoplasms and malignant melanomas. The department consists of the dermatitis treatment team, made up of world-class allergists, the dermatological surgery team, who operate on neoplasms and melanomas that require removal, and the laser clinic, who primarily focus on cosmetic treatments such as hair removal. We have recently obtained equipment for ultraviolet radiation therapy, which is a safer and faster treatment for skin conditions that can be managed with exposure to sunlight. Our oncology department has been growing by leaps and bounds in the past year. The department now contains a pediatric oncology clinic and a breast health center, in addition to our existing radiation treatment clinic, chemot herapy clinic, oncological operating room, breast cancer treatment clinic, and palliative care clinic. We also cross-treat with the cancer clinics within each of the other major departments. Our most common cases are generally breast cancer and gynecological cancers, but the presenting cases are so widely varied that it is difficult to pin down what are the most treated. Radiation therapies we offer include both brachytherapy and external beam treatments. The side effects of these treatments are the obvious reason for the palliative care needed, as many of the patients suffer greatly, and additionally, a patient receiving brachytherapy can stay in one of our shielded rooms to avoid exposing others to their radioactivity. We also offer alternative treatments including ozone therapy, UV therapy, and nutritional guidance including supplements that may help improve a patient's comfort level. The Gastroenterology department primarily deals with three common conditions: gastroesophageal r eflux, ulcers, and colorectal cancer. Reflux and ulcers are diagnosed by our specialists in endoscopy and esophageal manometry. We can treat extreme cases in our gastrointestinal surgery clinic, which is also used to treat patients with colorectal cancer. The other major responsibility of the gastroenterology department is to diagnose chest pain that has been determined to be non-cardiac in origin. In addition, we have equipment for a variety of treatments, including small bowel enteroscopy, laser endoscopy, endoscopic ultrasounds, and gastric acid secretory analysis. The Pulmonary department deals with many of the critical care cases that come through the hospital doors. We treat cases as varied as cystic fibrosis control, environmental lung disease, pulmonary hypertension and vascular disease, acute injuries, embolisms, COPD, and asthma. Departmental specialists include pulmonary radiologists, surgeons, oncologists, pathologists and allergists, in order to image, diagnose, and tre at the patients of the department. The department offers diagnostic testing of bronchoscopy, exercise stress testing, catheterization, and functional testing. We also have equipment for sleep apnea testing for the patients to take home overnight, and a surgical department for trauma cases. The Cardiology department deals with heart disease cases, primarily focusing on acute chest pain diagnosis. We also have an

The Wife of Bath Analysis

The Wife of Bath Analysis Chaucer is generally considered as the father of English poetry; looking specifically at The Canterbury Tales we can see that Chaucer attempted to portray a depiction of society as he knew it. It is also evident that he attempted to provide his own commentary on his society. Chaucer distances himself from the comments made in The Canterbury Tales as he tells his audience Blameth nat me (Chaucer, 2006, line 73) if they are to take offense from what the Miller says as it is not Chaucer, himself, saying it, he simply has too repeat what was said. This is a very clever technique that Chaucer uses so that he cant be faced with controversy or come under attack from any one as he has only repeated this tale. Chaucer would have had to ensure that his work did not offend those in the church, seeing as the church was the only place where literature was preserved. However Chaucer still attacks society, and the greed of the church amongst other social issues, by not personally saying it, he skilfully distances himself from the issues he highlights in this tales. Chaucer also manages to tactfully deal with these issues, resulting in highly enjoyable tale, which offers a social commentary on a society faced with corruption and hypocrisy. The Canterbury Tales was written in a time where an audible, social reading of literature (Ford, 1976, p86) was preferred, this is possibly because of the influence that the church had on Medieval Literature. One of the main reasons for this may be due to the church, as they supplied the only form of education, everyone at church would have been listened to preachers, and as preaching itself had throughout the Middle Ages a great influence on other literature of all sorts (Ford, 1976, p85) it is not unreasonable to assume that this is why oral forms of literature were preferred in the medieval period. The Canterbury Tales were written as thought hey were being spoken aloud, so they fit in well with this medieval trend. The language and diction used in both The Millers Tale and The Wife of Bath conforms to a plain, low style (King, 2000, p47). Chaucers dominant sentence structure is paratactic (King, 2000, p47); with a rhyme scheme consisting of couplets of iambic pentameters (King, 2 000, p47). The purpose of Chaucers use of language, allows both tales to be easily read aloud for a group of people, rather than just read alone. Aware of his language choices, Chaucer will have also been attempting to make the background story to The Canterbury Tales seem authentic. The narrator is telling these stories on a pilgrimage to Canterbury, so as we read the tales to ourselves we can get a sense of the pilgrimage, and the way these tales would have been told. Chaucer uses The Canterbury Tales as a social commentary. Through the general prologue we can see how he feels about whole sections of society by making individuals represent whole groups of medieval life (Bunting, 2003, p6). These representations slowly begin to build up an entire view of Chaucers life in the medieval period. The Canterbury Tales is famous for upsetting the social hierarchy. Despite the conventions, after the Knights tale is told at the very beginning the rest of the tales are not told in order of those with the higher social standing, as would be conventionally expected. Certain characters interrupt, pushing their tales over others, making The Canterbury Tale humorous as it does not follow the conventional order as som bettre man shal telle us first another (Chaucer, 2006, Line 21). Chaucer also satirises the medieval idea of romance, through the tales, he satirises courtly love, and how it is portrayed as being the ideal way to create a romance. The Millers Tale, in particular, satirises this concept as it is a parody romance (King, 2000, p73). This medieval concept is often found ridiculed in these tales. In the Wife of Bath she admits that I have wedded five! (Chaucer, 1995, line 44), if this had been a courtly love, surely it would have lasted and the Wife of Bath would not have been able to marry again, out of love for her previous husband. Absolon in the Millers Tale attempts to woo Alison using techniques expected of a courtly lover, however he fails to impress Alison and his efforts go unrecognised. Chaucer uses the literary convention of courtly love with Absolon to demonstrate just how ridiculous the efforts of the courtly lover can be, and how ridiculous it can be presented in literature. Chaucer is able to express some views on religion in the tales, even though he would have had to ensure that this was not a deliberate or obvious attack on the church. In the Millers Tale Absolon is satirised as the parish clerk (Chaucer, 2006, line 204) as That of no wyf took he noon offrynage (Chaucer, 2006, line 242). Chaucer also suggests that when Alison goes to church it is much more of a social outing, rather than a religious event. In the Wife of Bath the satire is directed at the sex obsessed and guilt-ridded attitudes of medieval christianity (Whittock, 1968, p121). The main social issue that Chaucer is seen to satirise in both these tales is the idea that women are repressed. Chaucer seemed able to perceive the genius and subtlety of the female mind in making the best of their situation in life, while still allowing the men to think they were in control (Bunting, 2003, p5). This is perhaps best envisioned in The Wife of Baths Prologue. She mentions her having had wedded five! (Chaucer, 1995, line 44). However she is able to defend this position that she is in as God says that to be wedded is no sinne (Chaucer, 1995, line 51), she also asks when God commanded he virgintee? (Chaucer, 1995, line 62). She speaks out against the church and what they are saying in the medieval period, where women were given two stereotypes, either compared to the treacherous Eve, or had to live up to the standards of the Virgin Mary with her being both a virgin and a mother this was an impossible role model for women to achieve. The Wife of Bath is unashamedly a larger than life character designed to squash the constraints that medieval Christianity have placed upon women. She is a matriarchal figure who has declared war on mankind (Whittock, 1968, p119) Chaucer uses the Wife of Bath to defend womankind. Chaucer looks at the relationship between the two sexes, as it is often perceived that women were always the weaker of the two, due to all the constraints put upon them from the Medieval church. However Chaucer seems to argue that not only do they not deserve this, but that women are cleverly able to control men, by subtlety manipulating them, however they exist in a masculine world so self-satisfied, or stupid to realise it (Bunting, 2003, p45). The Wife of Baths tale itself sees an important moral message, Chaucer cleverly places behind the shadow of the Wife of Bath. Faced with the issue of what women desire, the Knight concludes that: Wommen desiren have sovereynetee As wel over hir housbond as hir love, And for to been in maistrie hym above. (Chaucer, 1995, lines 1038-1041) The moral hides not behind the fact that women desire equality, the tale condemns the desire for mastery (Whittock, 1968, p126). When the Knight allows the woman to be independent and gives her the choice to be with him, he does not force his will upon her, resulting in an ideal relationship between the two. Chaucer demonstrates that possessing a woman can bring no man joy, out of fear that they will end up a cokewold (Chaucer, 1995, line 1214). When the woman chooses the Knight Chaucer shows that woman should have the right to choose their husband too, and more importantly he shows that when this happens this creates the best marriage. With the Wifes constant use of plural, it dissolves her individual situation into a general female experience (Saunders, 2001, p292) emphasising that this is a universal problem for all women in the medieval period. In the Millers Tale Alison manages to secure a victory at the end, being the only character not punished for her actions. She is able to manipulate Nicholas into thinking that she was doing him a favour by sleeping with him, however it is obvious throughout the tale that it is mutually beneficial for both of them. She manages to escape her narwe (Chaucer, 2006, line 116) cage (Chaucer, 2006, line 116). Both the Wife of Bath and Alison demonstrate that Chaucer definitely approved of women being treated as equal to men, allowing them to choose their own destiny, he also held them in high regard for their ability to overcome the fact that they were used as a commodity by men by quietly controlling small issues, eventually helping their own trapped and difficult situation. However it can be argued that although the Wife of Bath was a vehicle for satirising male attitude (Whittock, 1968, p121), but also to satirise female attitudes (Whittock, 1968, p121). She is a grotesque personification of all the undesirable traits found in women. While she argues that God has never forbidden marriage, and that she is actually doing a good thing by following her owene juggement (Chaucer, 1995, line 68), she then contradicts her arguments for marrying five times by wondering why members maad of generacion (Chaucer, 1995, line 116) were made and argues that they were nat maad for noght (Chaucer, 1995, line 118). This statement suggests that she marries for sex and lustful thoughts, not for the ideal love. The Wife of Bath is every anti feminists dream come true (Cooper, 1983, p76). It is argued that Chaucer uses the Wife of Bath to make these arguments against the church and male dominance as she is sexually predatory, extravagantly dressed, ultra sensitive to social positions and worst of all irresistible attractive (Cooper, 1983, p76). She is over indulgent, and it is often suggested that she has married her husbands for reasons other than love, something both the church and society frowned upon, regardless of gender. Alison is described by Chaucer using a heavy amount of animal imagery, suggesting that she is in fact an animal, with uninhibited desires and wild attitudes. She is also described with a high undertone of sexuality, again suggesting her unmanageable sexuality. This is not a woman who would be expected to dispute the controlling power men hold over them; although neither does the Wife of Bath, yet in both Tales women secure a victory, albeit a small one, against the men in their lives. Suggesting that Chaucer is not only trying to give women a disguised victory, but shows that in every undesirable position you find yourself in there will always be a small victory to be had. Chaucer is viewed as inheritor of a great tradition as well as the inventor of a new one (Saunders, 2001, p5) he stuck to particular conventions of the medieval period, and is work is characteristically medieval. He is also held in high regard as he invents a whole new way of tackling many of the medieval literary and social issues that he did not agree with in this social commentary. Chaucer has contributed highly to literary criticism as he produced a prose narrative that is clearly medieval in its style and delivery, however its message provides a strong moral message, and a social commentary on a society that without literature we would not know how society worked and what people thought about it without Chaucers work providing a social commentary and literary criticism.

A Tyrants Cruelty in Pakistan :: essays research papers

"I declare emergency" The screen of the TV blurred and then, it went pitch-black, shut down to the millions of stunned expressions across Pakistan, their ears echoing its final call. It was time. He had done this before, but now, he'd simply crossed the line. The Constitution pronounced its final vows, justice was heartlessly cremated, lives bid farewell with a lonely tear, and not even the ashes of liberty were able to be whiffed in the monoxodized morning sky. Pakistan and its civilians had plunged into deepest mourning as an onyx blanket leisurely wove its tendrils over the nation, plaguing it, depriving the once-united country of its birthright. Was this an epidemic like the Bubonic Plague, a warfare like the WWII, a revolution like its own, a natural disaster like a massive earthquake, or perhaps mass destruction under the hands of "terrorists." Staggered as you may be, the ultimate choice is the closest possible answer. Under its hands, we have suffered so much?it murders without regret, it knows no bounds of means to quenching its thirst for power, it throws ministers, judges, and the poorest alike into the relentless walls of prison. It says that emergency occurred to PROTECT Pakistan, since it was supposedly under threat of disunity. Emergency is replaced by a more appropriate term for the events happening there now, MARTIAL LAW, as it purely and apparently is. It has given a new face to Hitler, releasing bombs in the houses of God, little children and huffaz perishing without mercy, it has created destruction and chaos amidst a cloud of weeping citizens, straining his teacup of those who timidly agree with him and callously disposing of the remnants. It is known by titles of both President and General. It is quoted to have said: "We don't want anyone in agitation mode, and I will tell Negroponte and the US that Pakistan comes first, and there are certain realities on the ground -- extremism and terrorism -- that made me decide to go with emergency law." It took over in a 1999 coup, swearing oath in the name of integrity, constitutional law, and endless loyalty. And here we are, nearly a decade past, and where have those promising words been concealed during that lingering epoch? Those who have the courage to fight in the name of independence are flung into the dim enclosed chambers of jail, comparable to rubbish on the streets, though they are persistent and determined to overcome this deadly poison.